Increasing natural surveillance by removing obstacles to line of sight or improving street lighting.Increasing formal surveillance using electronic alarms, CCTV, private security patrols or neighbourhood watch.There are a range of situational crime prevention strategies that can be used to reduce the opportunities for crime.
It has also been argued that situational prevention is most effective with casual, uncommitted offenders and least effective with persistent or chronic offenders. While there are some (such as Trasler ) who argue that opportunity-reducing prevention is effective only with 'instrumental' offences (such as property or robbery) but not with 'expressive' offences that are not subject to rational calculus (such as homicide), the empirical literature on the subject (albeit limited) suggests that situational crime prevention can be effective in reducing some violent crimes. It is assumed that rationality applies not only to acquisitive crime but also to violent offending. Situational crime prevention strategies are based on the 'routine activities' theory of crime - that is, that crime occurs where there is a clustering of a motivated offender, the opportunity to offend and the absence of a guardian. However, this section also considers broader approaches that extend beyond the 'situation' and includes restricting the movement/ activities of those at risk of offending imposing wider restrictions on society as a whole (such as controls on access to weapons) and occupying potential offenders with recreational diversions at times when they are most at risk of offending. This perspective assumes that the offender makes reasoned decisions about his/her actions by weighing up his/her needs for such things as money, status, sex, and excitement, with the opportunities presented by a particular focus or target. It is an approach that has been heavily influenced by the rational choice perspective articulated by Clarke. A key approach is to seek to reduce opportunities for crime through some modification or manipulation of the physical environment. It is to reduce the opportunities for crime so that those, for whom the first two strategies have been ineffective, simply find it more difficult to offend. Our third broad strategy for reducing crime is, in a sense, a 'fall-back 'or last resort. PART THREE: REDUCING THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR OFFENDING
0 kommentar(er)
